[编辑] 藥物由於有指牛皮癬的病因是皮膚在產生延胡索酸的缺憾,所以延胡索酸酯有時會受作治療這病症。在開始時劑量為每日60-105mg,而其後逐步增加至每日1,290mg。使用延胡索酸的副作用包括腎臟或消化系統疾病,及皮膚及紅等,這是因過度服用所致。在長期使用後,會出現白血球減少的現象。 食物自1946年開始,因延胡索酸的無毒性,被用作一種食物酸化劑。它廣泛的使用在著重純度的飲料及發酵粉,如威路士提子汁。一般亦會用作酒石酸的代用物,或有時會取代檸檬酸。若要保持與檸檬酸一樣的味道,延胡索酸與檸檬酸的比例為0.91g比1.36g。 BiologyFumaric acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.
Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate. Human skin naturally produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight.[citation needed]
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.
MedicineFumaric acid esters are used to treat psoriasis, as it has been suggested that the condition is caused by an impairment of fumaric acid production in the skin.[1] [2]A starting dose is 60-105 mg daily, which may be gradually increased to as much as 1,290 mg per day. Side effects include kidney or gastrointestinal disorders, as well as skin flushing; these are mainly caused by excess intake. Decreased white blood cell (WBC) counts have been reported with prolonged use.[citation needed]
A fumaric acid ester is currently under investigation for treatment of multiple sclerosis
FoodFumaric acid is a food acidulent used since 1946. It is non-toxic. It is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity. It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1.36 g of citric acid to every 0.91 grams of fumaric acid to add sourness, similar to the way malic acid is used. It is also used as a coagulant in stovetop pudding mixes.
ChemistryFumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid.[3] A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.[4] Currently, industrial synthesis of fumaric acid is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH. Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.[5]
The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups. This weak acid forms a diester, it undergoes additions across the double bond, and it is an excellent dienophile.
Fumaric acid does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly. For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.